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Notable Sources
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A Treaty of Friendship and Resources
TANAKH
The cooperation between Hiram and Solomon exemplifies a unique historical alliance and mutual benefit, showcasing the wisdom and diplomacy of Solomon. The biblical narrative in Kings I details the treaty between Hiram, king of Tyre, and Solomon, king of Israel, involving the exchange of cedar and cypress wood for wheat and oil.
The Riddles of Hiram and Solomon
MIDRASH
The legends of intellectual rivalry between Hiram and Solomon showcases the high value placed on wisdom and intellectual challenge in Jewish tradition. Louis Ginzberg’s early 20th-century compilation, Legends of the Jews, recounts the exchange of riddles and conundrums between Hiram, king of Tyre, and Solomon.
The Downfall of a Righteous Figure
MIDRASH
Hiram was initially a righteous figure but eventually succumbed to wickedness, leading to his downfall. The Midrash Tanchuma offers a moral lesson on the transformation from righteousness to wickedness.
The Ships of Tarshish
COMMENTARY
The ships of Tarshish, in collaboration with King Hiram of Tyre, embarked on extensive maritime voyages, returning every three years with exotic treasures. Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz, in his modern translation and commentary on the Hebrew Bible, explains the intricacies of King Solomon's prosperous trade networks.
Hiram's Sacred Lineage
COMMENTARY
Hiram, though not himself an Israelite, had Israelite lineage from the tribes of Dan and Naftali. Rashi, the medieval French rabbi, provides genealogical context in his commentary on II Chronicles, linking the builders of the Temple to significant biblical figures.
A Reciprocal Exchange
COMMENTARY
The mutual exchange of cities between Hiram and Solomon reveals a reciprocal relationship between the two kings. Radak, a renowned 12th-century biblical commentator, addresses the textual discrepancy between II Chronicles and I Kings regarding this exchange.
A Craftsman for Solomon's Temple
COMMENTARY
Hiram's craftsmanship and contributions to the Temple are a testament to the grandeur and sanctity of Solomon's Temple. The Tze'enah Ure'enah, a 16th-century Yiddish commentary, vividly describes the construction and materials of the Temple's sacred objects, including Hiram's contributions.
Building Alliances and Palaces
TANAKH
The practical assistance provided by Hiram of Tyre even in King David's day underscores the importance of international alliances in the biblical kingdom of Israel. The biblical narrative in Samuel II describes how cedar logs, carpenters, and stonemasons were sent to help build David's palace, symbolizing the recognition of his kingship.
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